Élaboration d'un outil d’aide à la conception pour une optimisation climatique et énergétique des bâtiments résidentiels dans un climat désertique. L’exemple du sud algérien

FEMMAM, Asma (2024) Élaboration d'un outil d’aide à la conception pour une optimisation climatique et énergétique des bâtiments résidentiels dans un climat désertique. L’exemple du sud algérien. Doctoral thesis, Faculté des Sciences et de la technologie.

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Abstract

The mastery of energy consumption in the residential sector aims to improve the quality of life while reducing the impact of carbon footprint on the environment. Unfortunately, the neglect of environmental specifics has led to the abusive and irrational use of energy resources on a global scale. In Algeria, the electrical consumption of the residential sector currently accounts for 40% of the total national electricity consumption. This consumption is primarily directed towards artificial lighting, heating, and air conditioning in households. The southern regions of Algeria, characterized by a very hot and arid climate, clearly illustrate the extent of environmental and energy problems resulting from practices and malfunctions in the production of residential buildings. Since independence, constructions in the south no longer meet the extremely rigorous climatic conditions of the summer season and fail to provide minimal thermal comfort conditions. As a result, residents are forced to resort to mechanical heating and air conditioning systems to maintain a certain level of comfort, leading to increasing costs every year. To reduce energy bills and ensure optimal climatic comfort, it is imperative to intervene at the level of architectural design. This study seeks to explore this issue in relation to residential architecture in southern Algeria, using the city of El Oued as a case study. Indeed, like other regions in southern Algeria, dwellings in the Souf region pose a thermal comfort problem and present a challenge in the design process of housing projects. However, the vernacular architecture of the Souf region represents an exemplary model of both bioclimatic and sustainable architecture, highlighting the harmonious adaptation of buildings to their climatic context. This integration is based on passive strategies that ensure a healthy indoor thermal comfort while avoiding the use of mechanical systems. These passive methods, including building orientation, nighttime natural ventilation, the window-to-wall ratio, as well as construction materials, dictate the adaptation of constructions to local conditions. Nowadays, contemporary architecture has ignored these passive strategies, resulting in the creation of energy-intensive residential buildings that depend mainly on heating and mechanical air conditioning systems. VI To minimize energy consumption in residential buildings located in desert climates, it is necessary to proceed with optimization that considers both climatic and energy aspects. In this perspective, this study was conducted to develop an environmental assistance guide based on specific climatic, social, and economic conditions. This tool draws inspiration from vernacular passive strategies to alleviate discomfort conditions generated by contemporary constructions. Through the development of an integrated approach to the conceptual process, this tool is intended for architects, providing them with the means to use it from the sketch phase. It serves as a set of knowledge and skills specifically designed for architects, guiding them practically and simplified throughout the design process, with the ultimate goal of creating efficient and functional living spaces, offering optimal thermal comfort and increased wellbeing for occupants.

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